Al-Jahiz: Islamic Black History according to Black Arab Scholar 1200 years ago
The Blacks say: "This is our nobility- The Prophet (S) never prayed for someone's soul except at a funeral or over a grave- except in the case of the Negus, for whom he prayed at Medina, while the grave of Negus was in Ethiopia."
They say: "It was Negus who arranged the marriage between Umm Habiba, daughter of Abu Sufyan, and the Prophet (S) called Khalid ibn Sa'id, and made him her guardian, and gave the Prophet (S) four hundred dinars as a bride-price." (1)
1. Umm Habiba was the daughter of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. Her (real) name was Ramala. Married to Ubayd Allah ibn Jansh, she bore him Habiba, then migrated with him to Ethiopia. Her husband, Ubayd Allah, became Christian and renounced Islam. The Messenger of Allah (S) sent Amr ibn Umayya Ad-Damari to the Negus to seek her, and the Negus engaged her to him. Al-Isaba, 423, from the section of women, Sira, 144, 883.
They say: "Three things came to you from us. One is the treasure, and its finding pleasure in what is good, being proud of it, and honoring it. Another is the bier (?), and it is the seclusion of women and the chasity of wives. The last is the Book (Quran) and its maintaining what is in it, strenghtening it, and making it more splended and beautiful." (2)
2. Hazrat Fizza (SA) mastered the Quran to such a degree, that she could answer any question by reciting its verses. She is reported to have spoken the Quranic language for a full twenty years. She was raised in the House of Muhammad (S) and recieved her knowledge of Quran directly from Ahlul Bayt (AS). Surah Al-Insan (76) was revealed in honor of Ahlul bayt (SA) and Hazrat Fizza (SA). In addition, Zayd ibn Harrith, adpoted son of Prophet Muhammad (S), is the only Sahaba mentioned by name in the Holy Quran ref Surah Ahzab 33:37
They say: "We are more striking to the heart and full to the eye, like the Black girl is more striking to the eye and full in the breast than a white girl, and as the night is more striking than the day."
They say: "Black is always more striking. Indeed, when the Arabs describe their camels they say, 'Red-brown is fast, but red is plentiful and Black is beautiful.' And that is (only) for camels."
They says: "Blackness in horses is more beautiful and stronger, and the Black cow is better and more beautiful, its skin more valuable, useful and long lasting. Black donkeys are more valuable, better and stronger. Black sheep give richer milk and more butter, and dark breast are more fertile than red breast are.
And every Black hill and stone is harder and dryer in texture, and nothing can overcome the Black lion. There is no date sweeter than the Black date, and none more widely used or lasting over time. And the date palm is stronger than the others if its trunk is Black. And it is reported, 'On you is the greater Blackness.'" (3)
3. Al-Lisan, sawada, p. 211. In the hadith, "When you see the difference (between the colors of men), then on you is the greater Blackness."
Al-Ansari said: "I profess that no debt have I, out of liablity, but on every tall palm are date stalks, on every full fruited tree, as if they were trunks covered with tar or the blood of sacrifice."
They say: "The best Green is that which resembles Black." Allah the Almighty said: 'And besides these two, are two other gardens.' (4) Then He said, after He had described them and made them desirable, 'Dark green in color.' (5)
4. Surah Ar-Rahman 55:62 وَمِن دُونِہِمَا جَنَّتَانِ
"And beside them are two other gardens,"
5. Surah Ar-Rahman 55:64 فَبِأَىِّ ءَالَآءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ
"Dark green with foliage"
Ibn Abbas (RA) said, 'Green becomes black from irrigation.'
There is no wood on earth of better quality or greater value, heavier in weight or freer from wood rust, and more blemishless than ebony. It is known for its sturdiness, compactness, smoothness and hardness, and that it sinks in water unlike all other woods. It has even exceeded some stones in this property, for when it begins to sink, these stones do not.
A person is best regarded when his hair is Black- a feeling that is shared in heaven. Most noble for a person is having Black pupils in his eyes, and the most noble (of makeup) is cinnabar, which is Black. Because of this it is related that Allah lets all believers into heaven beardless and pure, with eyes Blackened by cinnabar.
The most useful thing that is in a person is his liver, which restores his stomach, breaks up his food, and maintains his body- and the liver is Black. The most precious and dear thing inside of a person are the little Black spots in his heart. This is a clot of blood inside the heart, which maintains in the heart, a position analogous to the brain in the head.
The most enjoyable and coveted thing a woman has for kissing are her two lips- and they are best when their color is dark. Dhu Ar-Rumma said, 'Lamiya with her puckered, soft red lips, has a mustache on her gums and eye-teeth.'
The most pleasant and coolest shade is that which is dark. Rajiz said, 'The Black crows are like the shade of a rock.'
Humayd ibn Thur said, 'We took shade in a cave and our mounts were shaded in resting places for them. The sunset in the trees gathered up the shadows, as if they were Monks forbidding themselves drink out of atonement.'
Allah made the night as an abode and a relaxation, and day as an acquisition and a labor. And that which shows that Blackness has another sense is linked with severity and suffering, agitation and activity, the appearance of snakes and scorpions (their poison is stronger at night), and the agitation and ferocity of wild beast- all of which occure at night. The excitation of pain and the appearance of ghouls also occurs at night.
He said, 'We resemble the night in this sense.'"
They said, "The exaggeration of stories relaxes the spirit- they come quickly if you want them, and go away slowly if you hate them- or what there is in them in the way of unfairness at the closing of curtains or the locking of doors."
They said: "No color is more firmly established in value or more deeply rooted in goodness than Black. A parable has been given concerning the whitening of a thing- 'You will not see that, until tar becomes white, and until the cow gets white feathers.'
This is the best proof among the wise. The most noble of spices are musk and ambergris- and they are Black. The hardest rocks are Black. Abu Dhahbi Al-Jamhay said, in praise of Al-Azraq Al-Makhzumi, who was Abd Allah ibn Abd Shams ibn Al-Mughira, 'Truely my thanks to you will never end, as long as onyx is a stone from Lebanon. You are the praised, made dear in price, one cannot discuss the purity of the Black stone.'
The Arabs take pride in Blackness of color. If a man says (to a girl), 'That is a star!' she says, 'A base person, pink, white and deceptive!' We say, she does not mean white skin by this, but instead means nobility and cleanliness of substance. She extolled the 'greatness' of a warrior because she was Black- for Black to the Arab is the same as green. Shamakh ibn Darar said, 'She left, leaving Zaruda, they fought over refuse, covered by the green night.'
Rajiz said,'Until the morning disrobes me from a green night; like disrobing the usefulness of a man's sword."
They also call iron 'Green', because it is hard, and Green is the same as Black. Harith ibn Hilliza said, 'Since we raised the camels up from the palm fronds of Bahrain, continuing until the senses negated them, and we defeated the gathering of ibn Umm Qatam, who had a Green Persian woman.'
Al-Muharibi said, proud of the fact that he was green, 'In the Greeness of Qays is my surfeit of all pride. Hard is the lead of Abu Daym Sha'sha'.
The Banu Al-Mughira were 'Green' Banu Mukhzum. Umar ibn Abd Allah ibn Abu Rabi'a ibn Al-Mughira Al-makhzumi said (supposedly to Fadl ibn Al-Abbas Al-Lahbi), 'And I am green to him who knows me, Green the skin in the House of the Arabs. Whoever records my lineage, records a glory. He fills a bucket up to the knot of wrong.'
The Ghassanid kings, the sons of Jafana, were also 'Green'. Al-Ghassani said, 'Truely the generous ones, the Greens, who paid blood money to the people of Baris, increasing, thereby, their justice.'
And Hasan, or someone else, mentioned the 'Greens' of Banu 'Ukaym's when he said, 'You are not from the house of Makrama of Banu Hashim, or Banu Jumakh, the Green Jala'id.' (6)
6. This verse is from the Diwan of Hasan, 123-38. With it he reviles Musafi ibn Ayad At-Taymi. It begins: "If you were from Hashim or from banu Asad, or Abd Shams, or the Companion of Lus the Hunter." And in the middle is: "Or in the features from Taym I was pleased with them."
Monday, June 27, 2011
Friday, June 24, 2011
Uthman Dan Fodio
Shaihu Usman dan Fodio (Arabic: عثمان بن فودي ، عثمان دان فوديو), born Usuman ɓii Foduye, (also referred to as Shaikh Usman Ibn Fodio, Shehu Uthman Dan Fuduye, or Shehu Usman dan Fodio, 1754–1817) was the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1809, a religious teacher, writer and Islamic promoter. Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa States in what is today northern Nigeria. A teacher of the Maliki school of law and the Qadiriyyah order of Sufism, he lived in the city-state of Gobir until 1802 when, motivated by his reformist ideas and under increased repression by local authorities, he led his followers into exile. This exile began a political and social revolution which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Cameroon, and was echoed in an ethnicly Fula-led Jihad movement across West Africa. Dan Fodio declined much of the pomp of rulership, and while developing contacts with religious reformists and Jihad leaders across Africa, he soon passed actual leadership of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello.
Dan Fodio wrote more than a hundred books concerning religion, government, culture and society. He developed a critique of existing African Muslim elites for what he saw as their greed, paganism, or violation of the standards of Sharia law, and heavy taxation. He encouraged literacy and scholarship, including for women, and several of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers. His writings and sayings continue to be much quoted today, and is often affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria. Some followers consider dan Fodio to have been a Mujaddid, a divinely inspired "reformer of Islam".[2]
Dan Fodio's uprising is a major episode of a movement described as the Fulani (Peul) hegemonies in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It followed the jihads successfully waged in Fuuta-Ɓundu, Fuuta-Jalon and Fuuta-Tooro between 1650 and 1750, which led to the creation of those three islamic states. In his turn, Shehu inspired a number of later West African jihads, including those of Masina Empire founder Seku Amadu, Toucouleur Empire founder El Hadj Umar Tall (who married one of dan Fodio's granddaughters), and Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama.
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Training
Dan Fodio was well-educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy and theology and became a revered religious thinker. His teacher, Jibril ibn 'Umar, argued that it was the duty and within the power of religious movements to establish the ideal society free from oppression and vice. His teacher was a North African Muslim alim who gave his apprentice a broader perspective of the Muslim reformist ideas in other parts of the Muslim world. Dan Fodio used his influence to secure approval to create a religious community in his hometown of Degel that would, dan Fodio hoped, be a model town. He stayed there for 20 years, writing, teaching and preaching.
In 1802, the ruler of Gobir and one of dan Fodio's students, Yunfa turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to assassinate dan Fodio. Dan Fodio and his followers fled into the western grasslands of Gudu where they turned for help to the local Fulani nomads. In his book Tanbih al-ikhwan ’ala ahwal al-Sudan (“Concerning the Government of Our Country and Neighboring Countries in the Sudan”) Usman wrote: “The government of a country is the government of its king without question. If the king is a Muslim, his land is Muslim; if he is an Unbeliever, his land is a land of Unbelievers. In these circumstances it is obligatory for anyone to leave it for another country”.[3] Usman did exactly this when he left Gobir in 1802. After that, Yunfa turned for aid to the other leaders of the Hausa states, warning them that dan Fodio could trigger a widespread jihad.[4]
The Fulani War
Usman dan Fodio was proclaimed Amir al-Muminin or Commander of the Faithful in Gudu. This made him political as well as religious leader, giving him the authority to declare and pursue a jihad, raise an army and become its commander. A widespread uprising began in Hausaland. This uprising was largely composed of the Fulani, who held a powerful military advantage with their cavalry. It was also widely supported by the Hausa peasantry who felt over-taxed and oppressed by their rulers. Usuman started the jihad against Gobir in 1804.
The Fulani communication during the war was carried along trade routes and rivers draining to the Niger-Benue valley, as well as the delta and the lagoons. The call for jihad did not only reach other Hausa states such as Kano, Katsina and Zaria but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa, Nupe and Ilorin. These were all places with major or minor groups of Fulani alims.
After only a few short years of the Fulani War, dan Fodio found himself in command of the largest state in Africa, the Fulani Empire. His son Muhammed Bello and his brother Abdullahi carried out the jihad and took care of the administration. Dan Fodio worked to establish an efficient government grounded in Islamic law. After 1811, Usman retired and continued writing about the righteous conduct of the Muslim belief. After his death in 1817, his son, Muhammed Bello, succeeded his as amir al-mu’minin and became the ruler of the Sokoto Caliphate, which was the biggest state south of the Sahara at that time. Usman’s brother Abdullahi was given the title emir of Gwandu, and he was placed in charge of the Western Emirates, Nupe and Ilorin. Thus, all Hausa states, parts of Nupe, Ilorin and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were all ruled by a single politico-religious system. From the time of Usman dan Fodio there were twelve caliphs, until the British conquest at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Religious and Political Impact
Many of the Fulani led by Usman dan Fodio were unhappy that the rulers of the Hausa states were mingling Islam with aspects of the traditional regional religion. Usuman created a theocratic state with a stricter interpretation of Islam. In Tanbih al-ikhwan ’ala ahwal al-Sudan, he wrote: “As for the sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, even though they may profess the religion of Islam, because they practice polytheistic rituals and turn people away from the path of God and raise the flag of worldly kingdom above the banner of Islam. All this is unbelief according to the consensus of opinions.”[5]
In Islam outside the Arab World, David Westerlund wrote: “The jihad resulted in a federal theocratic state, with extensive autonomy for emirates, recognizing the spiritual authority of the caliph or the sultan of Sokoto.”[6]
Usman addressed in his books what he saw as the flaws and demerits of the African non-Muslim or nominally Muslim rulers. Some of the accusations made by him were corruption on various levels of the administration along with injustice regarding ordinary people's rights. Usman also criticized the heavy taxation and obstruction created in the business and trade of the Hausa states by the legal system.
Folio of Iqtibas'l Ilm of Shaykh Uthman Dan Fodio
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“He was the Shaykh of Islam, the most learned among the scholars, the regal erudite, perpetual deliverer, the scholar of humanity, the one who realized the highest stations, Abu Muhammad Sa`d Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Salih ibn Harun ibn Muhammad Ghurtu ibn Muhammad Jubbu ibn Muhammad Sanbu ibn Maasiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Abu Bakr ibn Musa Jokoli ibn Imam Danbu. He was famous as Dan Fuduye’. He was my father. The protected friends of Allah (al-awliya) foretold of his coming before his appearance… From that is what was related from sound narrators on the authority of Umm Hani al-Fulani, the righteous saintly women when she said: “There will appear in this region of the land of the Blacks, a waliy from among the protected friends of Allah. He will renew the deen, revive the Sunna and establish the religion. The fortunate people will follow him and his remembrance will be spread throughout the horizons. The common people and the elite will obey his commands. Those connected to him will be known as the Jama`aat. Among their signs is that they will not heard cattle, as is the custom of the Fulani. Whoever encounters that time should follow him.” In short, many of the protected friends of Allah recognized him and informed us of his affair even before his appearance and at the time of his appearance as well.
Realize that this shaykh was reared from the time he was young to invite people to Allah. The Shehu said: “As for as the matter of protected friendship with Allah is concerned, for the most that I know about myself is that Allah ta`ala had established me in a spiritual presence which manifested from a divine state, from the time I was a young boy up until the time I reached the age of thirty-one years. I was seized by an instantaneous spiritual magnetic gravitational orbit that emerged from the lights of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, due to the baraka of sending blessings upon him. I was extracted up until I was in the very presence of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, which caused me to continuously weep. In that presence I had an intense desire to recite the poem by Abu Sufyan ibn al-Haarith, may Allah be pleased with him, where he eulogized the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace after his death. Then the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace ordered me to recite it in his presence, so I began to recite it… When I had recited the poem and reached the point in the poem where I said: ‘And he guided us and now we do not fear misguidance among us, while the Messenger is our guide on the Path’; the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace then said: “Stop there.” So I stopped. He then gave me the good news by his words to me: “I am your guide on the Path of the religion, for you will not go astray.” This good news was better to me than the entire world and what it contained.” Sultan Muhammad Bello
http://www.siiasi.org/index.html
Sultan of Sokoto, Amir al-Muminin
Reign
1804-1815
Born
1754
Birthplace
Gobir
Died
1817
Place of death Sokoto
Buried Hubare, Sokoto.[1]
Successor
Eastern areas (Sokoto):
Muhammed Bello, son.
Western areas (Gwandu):
Abdullahi dan Fodio, brother.
Wives
Maimuna
Aisha
Hauwa
Hadiza
Offspring 23 children, including:
Muhammed Bello
Nana Asmau
Abu Bakr Atiku
Dynasty
Sokoto Caliphate
Father
Muhammadu Fodio (Legal and Religious teacher)
Writing
Usman dan Fodio wrote about 480 poems in Arabic, Fulfulde and Hausa.
References
See Also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmanu_Danfodiyo_University
References
1.^ OnlineNigeria.com. SOKOTO STATE, Background Information (2/10/2003).
2.^ John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).
3.^ Usman dan Fodio: Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
4.^ The Islamic Slave Revolts of Bahia, Brazil: A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan?, by Abu Alfa Muhammed Shareef bin Farid, Sankore' Institute of Islamic African Studies, www.sankore.org..
Also see Lovejoy (2007), below, on this.
5.^ Usman dan Fodio: salaam.co.uk Biographical Dictionary
6.^ Christopher Steed and David Westerlund. Nigeria in David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg (eds). Islam Outside the Arab World. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0312226918
7.^ Yahaya, Ibrahim Yaro. 1988. "The Development of Hausa Literature." in Yemi Ogunbiyi, ed. Perspectives on Nigerian Literature: 1700 to the Present. Lagos: Guardian Books, as cited in Obafemi, Olu. 2010. "50 Years of Nigerian Literature: Prospects and Problems" Keynote Address presented at the Garden City Literary Festival, at Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 8-9 Dec 2010
[edit] Web sitesWebPulaaku
Sokoto Online
[edit] Other primary sourcesWritings of Usman dan Fodio, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, ISBN 0-6`8-04247-4 (page:233-236)
Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
[edit] Other secondary sourcesMervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). ISBN 0810111152
Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). ISBN 0720118573
Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio.
Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. THE TRADITION OF TAJDEED IN WEST AFRICA: AN OVER VIEW . Paper Presented to the International Seminar on the Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate and Borno. Organized by the Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto from 20–23 June 1987.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774-1804)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. THE JIHAD OF SHAYKH USMAN DAN FODIO AND ITS IMPACT BEYOND THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE . A Paper to be read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19–21 November 1995.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. SHAYKH UTHMAN IBN FODIO AND THE REVIVAL OF ISLAM IN HAUSALAND. (1996).
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793-1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.
Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations and Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487
R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804-1906. 1972.
Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. ISBN 0192154281.
S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodio: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series published by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-78430-1
Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History. Gary Y. Okihiro - editor. University of Massachusetts: Amherst, MA. (1986).
Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) ISBN 1558763783
F. H. El-Masri, “The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
M. A. Al-Hajj, “The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio”, Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf
Dan Fodio wrote more than a hundred books concerning religion, government, culture and society. He developed a critique of existing African Muslim elites for what he saw as their greed, paganism, or violation of the standards of Sharia law, and heavy taxation. He encouraged literacy and scholarship, including for women, and several of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers. His writings and sayings continue to be much quoted today, and is often affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria. Some followers consider dan Fodio to have been a Mujaddid, a divinely inspired "reformer of Islam".[2]
Dan Fodio's uprising is a major episode of a movement described as the Fulani (Peul) hegemonies in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It followed the jihads successfully waged in Fuuta-Ɓundu, Fuuta-Jalon and Fuuta-Tooro between 1650 and 1750, which led to the creation of those three islamic states. In his turn, Shehu inspired a number of later West African jihads, including those of Masina Empire founder Seku Amadu, Toucouleur Empire founder El Hadj Umar Tall (who married one of dan Fodio's granddaughters), and Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama.
Training
Dan Fodio was well-educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy and theology and became a revered religious thinker. His teacher, Jibril ibn 'Umar, argued that it was the duty and within the power of religious movements to establish the ideal society free from oppression and vice. His teacher was a North African Muslim alim who gave his apprentice a broader perspective of the Muslim reformist ideas in other parts of the Muslim world. Dan Fodio used his influence to secure approval to create a religious community in his hometown of Degel that would, dan Fodio hoped, be a model town. He stayed there for 20 years, writing, teaching and preaching.
In 1802, the ruler of Gobir and one of dan Fodio's students, Yunfa turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to assassinate dan Fodio. Dan Fodio and his followers fled into the western grasslands of Gudu where they turned for help to the local Fulani nomads. In his book Tanbih al-ikhwan ’ala ahwal al-Sudan (“Concerning the Government of Our Country and Neighboring Countries in the Sudan”) Usman wrote: “The government of a country is the government of its king without question. If the king is a Muslim, his land is Muslim; if he is an Unbeliever, his land is a land of Unbelievers. In these circumstances it is obligatory for anyone to leave it for another country”.[3] Usman did exactly this when he left Gobir in 1802. After that, Yunfa turned for aid to the other leaders of the Hausa states, warning them that dan Fodio could trigger a widespread jihad.[4]
The Fulani War
Usman dan Fodio was proclaimed Amir al-Muminin or Commander of the Faithful in Gudu. This made him political as well as religious leader, giving him the authority to declare and pursue a jihad, raise an army and become its commander. A widespread uprising began in Hausaland. This uprising was largely composed of the Fulani, who held a powerful military advantage with their cavalry. It was also widely supported by the Hausa peasantry who felt over-taxed and oppressed by their rulers. Usuman started the jihad against Gobir in 1804.
The Fulani communication during the war was carried along trade routes and rivers draining to the Niger-Benue valley, as well as the delta and the lagoons. The call for jihad did not only reach other Hausa states such as Kano, Katsina and Zaria but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa, Nupe and Ilorin. These were all places with major or minor groups of Fulani alims.
After only a few short years of the Fulani War, dan Fodio found himself in command of the largest state in Africa, the Fulani Empire. His son Muhammed Bello and his brother Abdullahi carried out the jihad and took care of the administration. Dan Fodio worked to establish an efficient government grounded in Islamic law. After 1811, Usman retired and continued writing about the righteous conduct of the Muslim belief. After his death in 1817, his son, Muhammed Bello, succeeded his as amir al-mu’minin and became the ruler of the Sokoto Caliphate, which was the biggest state south of the Sahara at that time. Usman’s brother Abdullahi was given the title emir of Gwandu, and he was placed in charge of the Western Emirates, Nupe and Ilorin. Thus, all Hausa states, parts of Nupe, Ilorin and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were all ruled by a single politico-religious system. From the time of Usman dan Fodio there were twelve caliphs, until the British conquest at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Religious and Political Impact
Many of the Fulani led by Usman dan Fodio were unhappy that the rulers of the Hausa states were mingling Islam with aspects of the traditional regional religion. Usuman created a theocratic state with a stricter interpretation of Islam. In Tanbih al-ikhwan ’ala ahwal al-Sudan, he wrote: “As for the sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, even though they may profess the religion of Islam, because they practice polytheistic rituals and turn people away from the path of God and raise the flag of worldly kingdom above the banner of Islam. All this is unbelief according to the consensus of opinions.”[5]
In Islam outside the Arab World, David Westerlund wrote: “The jihad resulted in a federal theocratic state, with extensive autonomy for emirates, recognizing the spiritual authority of the caliph or the sultan of Sokoto.”[6]
Usman addressed in his books what he saw as the flaws and demerits of the African non-Muslim or nominally Muslim rulers. Some of the accusations made by him were corruption on various levels of the administration along with injustice regarding ordinary people's rights. Usman also criticized the heavy taxation and obstruction created in the business and trade of the Hausa states by the legal system.
Folio of Iqtibas'l Ilm of Shaykh Uthman Dan Fodio
“He was the Shaykh of Islam, the most learned among the scholars, the regal erudite, perpetual deliverer, the scholar of humanity, the one who realized the highest stations, Abu Muhammad Sa`d Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Salih ibn Harun ibn Muhammad Ghurtu ibn Muhammad Jubbu ibn Muhammad Sanbu ibn Maasiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Abu Bakr ibn Musa Jokoli ibn Imam Danbu. He was famous as Dan Fuduye’. He was my father. The protected friends of Allah (al-awliya) foretold of his coming before his appearance… From that is what was related from sound narrators on the authority of Umm Hani al-Fulani, the righteous saintly women when she said: “There will appear in this region of the land of the Blacks, a waliy from among the protected friends of Allah. He will renew the deen, revive the Sunna and establish the religion. The fortunate people will follow him and his remembrance will be spread throughout the horizons. The common people and the elite will obey his commands. Those connected to him will be known as the Jama`aat. Among their signs is that they will not heard cattle, as is the custom of the Fulani. Whoever encounters that time should follow him.” In short, many of the protected friends of Allah recognized him and informed us of his affair even before his appearance and at the time of his appearance as well.
Realize that this shaykh was reared from the time he was young to invite people to Allah. The Shehu said: “As for as the matter of protected friendship with Allah is concerned, for the most that I know about myself is that Allah ta`ala had established me in a spiritual presence which manifested from a divine state, from the time I was a young boy up until the time I reached the age of thirty-one years. I was seized by an instantaneous spiritual magnetic gravitational orbit that emerged from the lights of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, due to the baraka of sending blessings upon him. I was extracted up until I was in the very presence of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, which caused me to continuously weep. In that presence I had an intense desire to recite the poem by Abu Sufyan ibn al-Haarith, may Allah be pleased with him, where he eulogized the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace after his death. Then the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace ordered me to recite it in his presence, so I began to recite it… When I had recited the poem and reached the point in the poem where I said: ‘And he guided us and now we do not fear misguidance among us, while the Messenger is our guide on the Path’; the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace then said: “Stop there.” So I stopped. He then gave me the good news by his words to me: “I am your guide on the Path of the religion, for you will not go astray.” This good news was better to me than the entire world and what it contained.” Sultan Muhammad Bello
http://www.siiasi.org/index.html
Sultan of Sokoto, Amir al-Muminin
Reign
1804-1815
Born
1754
Birthplace
Gobir
Died
1817
Place of death Sokoto
Buried Hubare, Sokoto.[1]
Successor
Eastern areas (Sokoto):
Muhammed Bello, son.
Western areas (Gwandu):
Abdullahi dan Fodio, brother.
Wives
Maimuna
Aisha
Hauwa
Hadiza
Offspring 23 children, including:
Muhammed Bello
Nana Asmau
Abu Bakr Atiku
Dynasty
Sokoto Caliphate
Father
Muhammadu Fodio (Legal and Religious teacher)
Writing
Usman dan Fodio wrote about 480 poems in Arabic, Fulfulde and Hausa.
References
- ^ OnlineNigeria.com. SOKOTO STATE, Background Information (2/10/2003).
- ^ John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).
- ^ Usman dan Fodio: Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
- ^ The Islamic Slave Revolts of Bahia, Brazil: A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan?, by Abu Alfa Muhammed Shareef bin Farid, Sankore' Institute of Islamic African Studies, www.sankore.org..
Also see Lovejoy (2007), below, on this. - ^ Usman dan Fodio: salaam.co.uk Biographical Dictionary
- ^ Christopher Steed and David Westerlund. Nigeria in David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg (eds). Islam Outside the Arab World. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0312226918
- ^ Yahaya, Ibrahim Yaro. 1988. "The Development of Hausa Literature." in Yemi Ogunbiyi, ed. Perspectives on Nigerian Literature: 1700 to the Present. Lagos: Guardian Books, as cited in Obafemi, Olu. 2010. "50 Years of Nigerian Literature: Prospects and Problems" Keynote Address presented at the Garden City Literary Festival, at Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 8-9 Dec 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmanu_Danfodiyo_University
References
1.^ OnlineNigeria.com. SOKOTO STATE, Background Information (2/10/2003).
2.^ John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).
3.^ Usman dan Fodio: Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
4.^ The Islamic Slave Revolts of Bahia, Brazil: A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan?, by Abu Alfa Muhammed Shareef bin Farid, Sankore' Institute of Islamic African Studies, www.sankore.org..
Also see Lovejoy (2007), below, on this.
5.^ Usman dan Fodio: salaam.co.uk Biographical Dictionary
6.^ Christopher Steed and David Westerlund. Nigeria in David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg (eds). Islam Outside the Arab World. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 0312226918
7.^ Yahaya, Ibrahim Yaro. 1988. "The Development of Hausa Literature." in Yemi Ogunbiyi, ed. Perspectives on Nigerian Literature: 1700 to the Present. Lagos: Guardian Books, as cited in Obafemi, Olu. 2010. "50 Years of Nigerian Literature: Prospects and Problems" Keynote Address presented at the Garden City Literary Festival, at Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 8-9 Dec 2010
[edit] Web sitesWebPulaaku
Sokoto Online
[edit] Other primary sourcesWritings of Usman dan Fodio, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, ISBN 0-6`8-04247-4 (page:233-236)
Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
[edit] Other secondary sourcesMervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). ISBN 0810111152
Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). ISBN 0720118573
Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio.
Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. THE TRADITION OF TAJDEED IN WEST AFRICA: AN OVER VIEW . Paper Presented to the International Seminar on the Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate and Borno. Organized by the Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto from 20–23 June 1987.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774-1804)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. THE JIHAD OF SHAYKH USMAN DAN FODIO AND ITS IMPACT BEYOND THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE . A Paper to be read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19–21 November 1995.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. SHAYKH UTHMAN IBN FODIO AND THE REVIVAL OF ISLAM IN HAUSALAND. (1996).
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793-1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.
Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations and Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487
R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804-1906. 1972.
Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. ISBN 0192154281.
S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodio: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series published by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-78430-1
Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History. Gary Y. Okihiro - editor. University of Massachusetts: Amherst, MA. (1986).
Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) ISBN 1558763783
F. H. El-Masri, “The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
M. A. Al-Hajj, “The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio”, Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf
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